Human rights in the international relations - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Human rights in the international relations. Answer: The international relations theories enables to comprehend the world through several lenses each representing various and distinct theoretical perspectives. Traditionally, there have been two essential International relations theories namely, the realism and liberalism theories. Although there have been several other theories that exists in International relations which includes institutionalism, constructivism, neo-Grascianism and other contradicting theories, but, the liberalism and realism theories remain to be fundamental and the most prevalent international relations theories. International Organizations have become an essential part of the international relations and the significance of the international organizations increases with an enhancement in the interdependence. At the centre of any forms of economic and political challenges in the 21st century, the presence of the international organizations can be rightfully traced. This essay entails the significant role that intern ational organizations play in the context of eh international relations theories (Kelley Simmons, 2015). It further discusses about role of an actor played such international organizations with the objective to achieve common purpose or goals. It would further lay emphasis on the importance of the international organizations and the extent to which it has a impact on global politics and international relations through the two fundamental international relations theories of Liberalism and Realism. International organizations are formal institutional structures that surpass national boundaries that resulted from the multilateral agreement among the nation-states. The international organizations have been established with the sole objective to promote international cooperation in fields like law, economic, security, diplomacy and social matters. The international organization can be categorized into intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental organization (NGOs). IGOs refer to the entities that are established with sufficient organizational structure and autonomy. These organizations strive to provide formal, multilateral and ongoing processes of decision making between the states along with the capacity to implement the collective of the member states. On the other hand, the NGOs refer to the non-state voluntary organizations that are created by individuals with an objective to attain common purpose that are frequently associated with public good and beyond the individuals themselves. The development of these huge representative bodies can be traced back to the end of the World War II when there arose a need to reconstruct the world through the international relations. Since the development of the international organizations with respect to the international relations, there has been acceleration in the development of such organizations who strive to work on economic and socio-political aspect with several and particular objectives while approaching groups, individuals, societies and states. The Realism and the Liberalism international relations theories enable to comprehend the impact of the international organizations (Klabbers, 2015). Realism is an essential International Relations Theory that is based on negative attitude and perspective of human nature. The fundamental aspect of this international relations theory lies in the qualified power of state because there is no world government to impose stability and order, which enables the state to involve in self-help activities and ensure their basic survival interests including survival, power capability and security. The realists argue that security and power are two essential concepts as they are related to the states within the international system. Due to the importance given to the concept of power and state security, several realists considers international organizations to be entities that merely aids the states attain its objective in terms of the security ad increased power. In the words of Figui (2014), the states do not surrender to the international institutions and the international organizations play less important role and merely demonstrate nationa l power and interests, thus they do not restrict powerful states. One such instance is that of the US hegemony and the use of International organizations as a source for expanding power for achieving guarantee security and self-interest. Thus, for the believers of realism theory, international organizations are either important only when the international organizations operate to achieve the interests of the states or the international organizations do not matter to the realists. According to Forsythe (2017) realists hardly believe that the international organizations fail to prevent powerful countries from pursuing something if their interests are not in accordance to the concerned issue. Nevertheless, this does not imply that international organizations are not considered important to the realists at all but rather, international organizations are often considered to fail to achieve as it is expected to achieve. As Keck (2015) asserts that these international; organizations play a significant role in great power calculations that is something aligned to the state interests. As mentioned earlier, that the international organizations have been used by great powers and hegemony like the US to achieve their interests in the international system. There are other non-great power states that may also use the international organizations to achieve their objectives and goals and to have a proper say within the existing system. In respect to the issues related to realism as related to international law, which forms an essential part of the international organizations is either irrelevant to the realism theory believers or it only serves to be beneficial to the state and to their objectives of security and power, similar to the international organizations themselves. The neo-realist approach states that the international organizations are always fundamentally not effective as the organizations fail to deter the states from being self-interested and engaging in power politics. Michaelow (2017) believes that international organizations have marginal power which paves the way to various power relations between state, thus, making them expression of power in the international system. Nevertheless, the realists have also argued that the international organizations matter as it provides a mechanism for the complicity of great power. The fact that the international organizations are great powers, it implies that they are performing well under the prevailing institutions and rules. Sewell (2015) states that international organizations are useful for making trivial adjustments within the prevailing order without compromising with the basic fundamental norms and principles. Furthermore, the right to control and create International organizations is apparen tly, what the most powerful states have fought for in the destructive wars in the past. The liberalism international relations theory refers to the post-war structure for global politics that is based on the construction of a political, legal and global system, which goes beyond the state, ensuring protection to all human subjects. This international relations theory is based on two basic concepts, firstly, interdependence liberalism theory that considers modernization as means of enhancing the level of interdependence of states. Secondly, institutional liberalism theory that considers international institutions as mechanisms to foster or encourage cooperation between the states within the international system. The assumptions of this theory are based on modernization and positive human progress, which eventually leads to cooperation. Modernization refers to the process of creating progress not only in most areas of life as well as development of a modern state. Due to modernization, cooperation based on mutual interests shall succeed as it increases the scope and level of international relations where the international expenses are lower and the levels of higher interdependence are high. Therefore, in the event of high degree of interdependence, states will often establish international institutions to deal with the issues and optimize welfare. These international organizations have been established to foster cooperation across international boundaries by reducing the expenses and endowing with information. The international organizations can be categorized as formal organizations such as WTO (World trade organization) and European Union (EU) or they can be less formal sets of agreements that are commonly known as regimes. The Liberalism international relation theory considers international cooperation and progress are fundamental characteristics that constrain the non-state actors, International organizations and the states. The liberalist theorists consider these various institutions to be accountable for dealing with international problems in a legal, peaceful and human way. According to Yi-Chong (2017), the structural changes made in the international relations during the post-cold war period have empowered new forms of actors providing them with new opportunities to act. Some of the structural changes include privatization and globalization. Globalization has weakened the association between the territory enclosed by state border and social action. Privatization that was led by Reagan and Thatcher has amalgamated the change in relations between social power and states. The success of the US and the liberal model, privatization has influenced several organizations to change the cold-war style of bipolarity of states and thrust for liberal capitalist change that symbolized the presence of several actors. The neo-liberalism institutionalism unlike the neo-realism, lays emphasize on the significance of the importance of UNs work with regional organization, as they are fundamental in the international diplomatic process predicting. This form of international relations theory stresses on the attempts made by the UN to coordinate the state actions and harmonize the world community despite it face numerous challenges while gathering Member states and asking them to follow its vision and principles. The disagreement between the realist and liberalist theories of international relations as well as other such theories does jot lies in over the significance of the role of the international organizations and its existence or that they are found when there is high cooperation, rather on the claim whether they have an independent impact. According to Yi-Chong (2017), the realist theory supporters would perceive the viewpoint where they would consider the international organizations to provide minimum change to the constant power struggle for the sole reason that they are unable to change human nature that yearns for power. The international organizations can neither bring any change in the nature of the anarchical system. On the other hand, the liberalist theory believers cannot perceive a contemporary world where the government is solely responsible to execute all duties towards the nation. According to the viewpoints of the liberalists, cooperation has caused the states to become in terdependent and has paved new paths for the new actors who have the willingness to work more together with efficiency. International organizations cannot be only considered as the study of relations between international governments. The interdependent relations between people and the voluntary organizations that have common characteristics are compelled to be cooperative as compared to the relations between states because states are exclusive and that their interests are not interrelated. Realists considers that state is the ultimate authority and that the states sigh interstate treaties, propagate wide-ranging rules to regulate desired govern activity and create international law. Liberal theorists states that powerful states cannot be restrained completely. The institutional liberals disagree with the fact that the international organizations are at the mercy of the powerful states. They believe that the international organizations are capable of influencing international relations and they criticize the viewpoints of the realists. They state that several other members and state actors instead of powerful states lead the International organizations (Michaelowa, 2017). From the above discussion, it can be inferred that when states associates with the international economic organization, there are certain obligations that must be carried out and are known as rule of the international organization. This essay entailed the importance of the international organizations in world or global politics and that its role is dependent on the theoretical framework and the construction of the institutional system. In case of the realist and neo-realist believers, international organizations will remain to be effective as they will not be able to change the anarchic structure of the international system and neither can they change the desire for power that the states within the international system yearns for. The liberalist and the neo-liberalist believers opinionated that the international organizations are capable of influencing the conduct of the state by developing string incentives for cooperation and implementing disincentives at the same time (Roach, Grif fiths O'Callaghan, 2014). The UN system is one forum for nations that unites to resolve issues that concerns the international community. It is often observed that forum such as the UN are often prevented to act and then accused of non-performance. 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